%PDF-1.3 % 2 0 obj << /Length 2815 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 24 0 0 24 82.68 430.8 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Art and )16.8(T)35.8(ransformation)]TJ 9 0 0 9 191.52 385.2 Tm /GS2 gs (by)Tj -2.2667 -1.2 TD -0.0195 Tw [(Debora W)77.2(ood)]TJ -0.48 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tw (Artist and Critic)Tj /F2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 45 324.84 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Abstract:)Tj /F1 1 Tf 3.78 0 TD 0.0238 Tw [( Many contemporary artists intend to challenge the viewer)-38.3()62.9(s)0( modes of perception by)]TJ -3.78 -1.2 TD 0.0149 Tw [(manipulating traditional imagery)65.6(, but does this transformation of cultural stock images consti-)]TJ T* 0.02 Tw [(tute a transformation in the audience? )9.4(This paper will examine artists who appropriate images)]TJ T* -0.0043 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(using reproductive technologies in an attempt to reach a lar)18.6(ge audience and initiate social change.)]TJ 10 0 0 10 54 271.56 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.0338 Tw [(Printmaking plays a significant role in ethical discourse. Since its inven-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0849 Tw [(tion more than 500 years ago, printmaking has been the most economical)]TJ T* -0.015 Tw [(way to disseminate information. )58.1(Artists have been using prints to encourage)]TJ T* -0.0247 Tw [(social reform ever since print technology allowed. )20.2(T)70.9(oday)60.1(, with the advent of)]TJ T* -0.0488 Tw [(digital cameras, photocopy machines, and inexpensive computer equipment,)]TJ T* -0.0092 Tw [(it is easy to reproduce pre-existing images. )18.2(These reproductions can then be)]TJ T* 0.0592 Tw [(transformed by cropping, enlar)24.3(ging, erasing part of the image, drawing on)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tw [(top of it, or combining it with other previously unrelated imagery or text. In)]TJ T* -0.0159 Tw [(this way)69.5(, the altered works acquire new meanings as well as make reference)]TJ T* 0.0732 Tw [(to the original images. )18.7(This kind of appropriation can be used to raise the)]TJ T* 0.0883 Tw [(moral consciousness of the viewer by using traditional imagery alongside)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw (contemporary text or manipulations in order to challenge social norms.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.06 Tw [(The question is whether or not this transformation of cultural imagery con-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0588 Tw [(stitutes a transformation in the audience. )22.5(This is not an automatic process.)]TJ T* 0.0647 Tw [(For example, if an artist alters a reproduction in an ef)24.4(fort to highlight dis-)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc -0.0625 Tw (crimination, it does not automatically follow that the community will no longer)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(discriminate. )18.7(The art does have the potential to make the community aware)]TJ T* -0.0147 Tw [(of discrimination, and this can lead to discourse and the potential to change.)]TJ 0 46.44 TD -0.0001 Tw [(ISSUES IN INTEGRA)110.9(TIVE STUDIES)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0003 Tw (No. 16, pp. 57-71 \(1998\))Tj ET endstream endobj 3 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Length 3930 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 -3.6 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0021 Tw (But several factors must be in place in order for the art to have the potential)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0002 Tw (to bring about an awareness of social issues.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0361 Tw [(How can the appropriation of images bring about an awareness of social)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0294 Tw [(issues? First, by using a language the audience can understand. Second, by)]TJ T* -0.0563 Tw [(placing the work in the public realm. )60.1(At this point, there can be discourse and)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1193 Tw [(the potential for social change. )20.7(T)70.8(o)-0.1( address this issue, I will look at three)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1212 Tw [(contemporary artists who have been actively exhibiting in the 1980s and)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(1990s. I will also look at two political posters to show how artists must some-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.041 Tw [(times change their own signature styles in order to create a politically suc-)]TJ T* 0.0074 Tw [(cessful work. )53.7(All of these artists have appropriated images and transformed)]TJ T* 0.0744 Tw [(their original meaning to highlight unethical social habits. However)51.5(, there)]TJ T* -0.0104 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(are dif)22(f)0.1(erent degrees to which these works can be the catalyst for social change.)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Finally)61.8(, I will discuss the recent transformation of my own work.)]TJ 12 0 0 12 48.96 344.4 Tm -0.0012 Tw (Kathy Grove)Tj 10 0 0 10 57.96 319.56 Tm 0.1137 Tw (The first artist, Kathy)Tj -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0626 Tc 0.2611 Tw [(Grove, engages in a)]TJ T* 0.0043 Tc 0.125 Tw (postmodern transforma-)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc (tion of modernist view-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.009 Tw [(points in a body of work)]TJ T* 0.0365 Tc 0.125 Tw (called The Other Se-)Tj T* 0.0503 Tc (ries. In 1992, Grove)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0155 Tw [(worked with the printers)]TJ T* 0.0626 Tc 0.3231 Tw [(at the Spring Street)]TJ T* 0.003 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(W)82.8(o)0(rkshop in New )37.5(Y)101.2(o)0(rk)]TJ T* 0.006 Tc (City to produce an edi-)Tj T* 0.0496 Tc 0.125 Tw (tion of photogravures)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (called )Tj /F3 1 Tf 2.664 0 TD 0.0342 Tw [(The Other Series:)]TJ -2.664 -1.2 TD -0.0506 Tw (After Sloan)Tj /F1 1 Tf 4.476 0 TD [( based on a 1905 etching by John Sloan \(Figures 1 and 2\). Sloan)53.6(s)]TJ -4.476 -1.2 TD 0 Tw (etching, )Tj /F3 1 Tf 3.444 0 TD -0.0059 Tw [(T)64.3(u)0(rning Out the Light,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 8.976 0 TD [( shows a woman in a nightgown reaching up)]TJ -12.42 -1.2 TD -0.0334 Tw [(to turn down a gas lamp on the wall. )60.3(A)50.3( man can be seen in the shadows lying)]TJ T* -0.0321 Tw [(in bed next to her on the left. Using bleach, airbrush and dyes on a reproduc-)]TJ T* 0.0662 Tw [(tion of Sloan)52.9(s original etching, Grove erased the woman and filled in the)]TJ T* -0.0422 Tw [(rest of the bed and sheets. )56.4(An intaglio plate was made from the altered image)]TJ T* -0.0053 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(and printed traditionally in a small edition of ten on Rives BFK paper)63.5(. Grove)46.8(s)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.037 Tw [(print then had the same look and feel of the original Sloan etching, but the)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0625 Tw (woman in the nightdress was missing. By taking the woman out, Grove ques-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1054 Tw [(tions women)57.9(s representation in art history)62.9(. Grove says, I am portraying)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 161.4 207.96 Tm 0 Tc -0.0003 Tw (Figure 1. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.87 0 TD (John Sloan.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 4.995 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.255 0 TD -0.0003 Tw [(T)61.2(urning Out the Light.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 9 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0002 Tw ( 1905.)Tj -18.12 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Etching. 4 3/4 x 6 7/8 inches. Elvehjem Museum of )49.5(Art,)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tw [(University of )18.5(W)43.8(isconsin-Madison, 64.1.2.)]TJ ET /GS1 gs q 191.55 0 0 138.9 159.45 213.7 cm /Im1 Do Q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 16 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 18 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [0 1] /Range [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /BitsPerSample 8 /Size [255] /Length 397 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream H ˮl۶ɶm۶m۶];1nCІ1o1l0m&_3Ll0LmӚf0l0m[,n KZҖ,o+ZVլn kZֱo6ln[ֶlo;vn{ :qG:юq':NqӜg:q.q\ Wծq\7nqwqz< OzӞ</z^ oz>|_|?~ endstream endobj 17 0 obj [/Separation /Black /DeviceCMYK 18 0 R] endobj 20 0 obj << /Length 3987 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (59)Tj /F1 1 Tf -29.208 -3.6 TD 0.0626 Tc 0.1487 Tw [(women as they have)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.125 Tw (been regarded through-)Tj T* -0.0018 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(out history)59.3(, invisible and)]TJ T* 0.0626 Tc 1.8412 Tw (inaudible \()Tj /F3 1 Tf 7.344 0 TD 0 Tw (Print)Tj -7.344 -1.2 TD 0.0203 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Collector)-35.8()125.3(s)0( Newsletter)113.2(,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0017 Tw (1993, 20\).)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0028 Tc 0.1249 Tw (Sloan had previously)Tj -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0238 Tc 0.125 Tw [(faced criticism for his)]TJ T* -0.012 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(work. In 1906, he was in-)]TJ T* -0.0039 Tc -0.0625 Tw (vited to exhibit his series)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0368 Tw [(of ten prints called )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 7.86 0 TD 0 Tw (New)Tj -7.86 -1.2 TD 0.0506 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Y)90.8(ork Life)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 4.188 0 TD [( at the New)]TJ -4.188 -1.2 TD 0.0431 Tc [(Y)105.3(ork City )17.7(W)74.9(atercolor)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Society)59.9(.)0.1( )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 3.372 0 TD -0.0598 Tw [(T)52.3(u)0(rning Out the)]TJ -3.372 -1.2 TD 0.0456 Tc 0 Tw (Light)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.34 0 TD 0.125 Tw [( and three other)]TJ -2.34 -1.2 TD 0.0196 Tc (works from this series)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0607 Tw [(were determined to be too vulgar \(Perlman, 1997, 1)41.5(12\) and were subse-)]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(quently removed from the exhibition. )61(At the time, it was considered improper)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0054 Tw [(for a woman to be seen in a nightgown. )21.4(The implication of what might hap-)]TJ T* 0.02 Tw [(pen next, once the light is out and the woman is lying next to the man, was)]TJ T* 0.0362 Tw [(considered too risqu for the turn-of-the-century audience to handle. Sloan)]TJ T* -0.0429 Tw [(defended his work by ar)13.5(guing that he was painting real life people in real life)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (situations.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0383 Tw [(Postmodern critics, like Grove, find fault with Sloan)61.2(s work for a dif)13.1(f)0.1(erent)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.003 Tw (reason. Grove has not removed the woman in the nightgown with the inten-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0501 Tw [(tion of censoring a titillating image; she has removed the woman from the)]TJ T* 0.0063 Tw [(picture in order to emphasize her central role. Grove is suggesting that men)]TJ T* 0.0121 Tw [(use women as the object of desire in their work; without women, the narra-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (tive structure is lost and the work seems vacant.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.1249 Tw (Grove has also appropriated work by the famous French artist, Henri)Tj -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0241 Tw [(Matisse. Modernist painters frequently used the female nude for artistic in-)]TJ T* 0.0011 Tc 0.125 Tw [(spiration. Matisse painted Henriette Darricarrre nude and semi-nude for)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0761 Tw [(several years. She was one of the many models used by Matisse and then)]TJ T* 0.0884 Tw [(dismissed, as inspiration for his work changed. In early twentieth-century)]TJ T* 0.0269 Tw [(Nice, it was easy for Matisse to find young female models, many of whom)]TJ T* -0.0374 Tw [(were poor)41.1(, underfed and otherwise would be employed as menial laborers or)]TJ T* 0.0051 Tw [(prostitutes. Matisse sometimes dressed up Darricarrre and other women in)]TJ T* 0.0123 Tw [(T)34.9(u)0(rkish pants and jewelry to remind him of harems in Morocco. )62.9(According)]TJ T* -0.0436 Tw [(to art critic and historian Jo )51.2(Anna Isaak, it is highly unlikely Matisse actually)]TJ ET q 1 i 153.45 522 191.45 -137.35 re W n /GS1 gs q 191.45 0 0 137.35 153.45 384.65 cm /Im2 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 160.32 373.32 Tm 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Figure 2. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.855 0 TD [(Kathy Gr)13.5(ove.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 5.82 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.24 0 TD -0.0001 Tw [(The Other Series: )9.5(After Sloan.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -9.915 -1.2 TD (1992. Photogravure. 4 3/4 x 6 3/4 inches. Courtesy of the)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (artist.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 45 548.88 Tm -0.0133 Tw [(Debora W)79.9(ood)]TJ ET endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im2 22 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Length 4073 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0685 Tw [(visited a wealthy Moroccan man)52.4(s house or saw his harem; all this comes)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(from Matisse)58.3(s)0( )15.1(W)79.8(e)-0.1(stern imagination of Eastern culture \(1996, 58\).)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0326 Tw [(A 1926 painting of Darricarrre shows her with exposed breasts, reclining)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.008 Tw [(in a green striped chair in front of a Moorish screen with decorative arches.)]TJ T* -0.0161 Tw [(Grove took a photograph of this painting and, with her masterful retouching)]TJ T* -0.0572 Tw [(skills, removed Darricarrre in a piece titled )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 17.484 0 TD [(The Other Series: )25.5(After Matisse.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf -17.484 -1.2 TD -0.0185 Tw [(W)43.9(ithout the subject to gratify voyeuristic desires, the work is nothing but an)]TJ T* 0.0818 Tw [(empty chair)54.6(.)0.1( )17.9(The male artist)51.2(s power over women has been removed by a)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0003 Tw (female artist.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0094 Tw [(Grove transformed the look and interpretation of the original in these two)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0539 Tw [(examples, but has she inspired a new awareness in her audience? Both works)]TJ T* -0.0103 Tw [(by Grove look as if something is missing, even to the untutored viewer)61.4(. )21.8(The)]TJ T* 0.1205 Tw [(bed sheets and blank walls glow)66.3(, the chair opens out to the viewer)44.7(, both)]TJ T* 0.0667 Tw [(yearn for someone to take center stage. )19.1(The empty furniture heightens the)]TJ T* 0.0108 Tw [(sense that the human presence is missing, but is this appropriation transfor)27.8(-)]TJ T* 0.0647 Tw [(mative? In order to fully understand Grove)52.9(s work, the viewer must know)]TJ T* 0.0877 Tw [(the original image and, even then, the informed viewer has likely already)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tw (been converted.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0135 Tw [(I first learned of Grove)54.7(s work in 1993 when I read an announcement for)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0055 Tc -0.0625 Tw (the publication of )Tj /F3 1 Tf 7.008 0 TD [(The Other Series: )17.9(After Sloan)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 11.46 0 TD [( in the )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 2.52 0 TD [(Print Collector)-37.6()135.5(s)0( News-)]TJ -20.988 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(letter)106.6(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 2.244 0 TD -0.0008 Tw [( )45.2(At the time, I was working for the Elvehjem Museum of )62.5(Art in Madi-)]TJ -2.244 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.1127 Tw [(son, )22.2(W)31.9(isconsin. Since the original etching by Sloan was in the Elvehjem)]TJ T* -0.0199 Tw [(collection, I immediately recognized the reference. Her point was made, but)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (I was one of the tutored.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.041 Tw [(Grove)60.4(s prints and photographs are very successful within an art historical)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0023 Tw [(context. However)38.9(, this tends be a limited and elitist audience. )63(Art historians)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc -0.0046 Tw (can talk about the importance of her work in the classroom, and this discus-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0707 Tw [(sion may enlighten some of the students in the class, but the trickle-down)]TJ T* -0.0495 Tw [(ef)21(fect to the general populace is minimal. Grove)58.4(s work certainly speaks elo-)]TJ T* 0.0932 Tw [(quently to a certain segment of the population, but it does not succeed in)]TJ T* 0.0686 Tw [(fostering a true transformation in society)62.2(.)0.1( )28.7(The objective of this paper is to)]TJ T* -0.0447 Tw [(look for works that not only challenge received values, but also af)20.9(fect a lar)24.2(g)0(e)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0034 Tw (audience. One must be familiar with the politics of the image in question in)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.0003 Tw (order to understand the debate.)Tj 12 0 0 12 48.96 92.4 Tm -0.0007 Tw (Barbara Kruger)Tj 10 0 0 10 57.96 67.56 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0526 Tw [(Grove)60.4(s work seems most at home in an academic world whereas the work)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0625 Tw (of Barbara Kruger runs with street culture, television, and commerce. Kruger)Tj ET endstream endobj 25 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 4044 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (61)Tj /F1 1 Tf -29.208 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0161 Tw [(is an artist, writer)39(,)0.1( curator)40(, lecturer)45.7(, and graphic designer)59.2(. Her art exists both)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0199 Tw [(inside and outside museums in many dif)19.5(f)0.1(erent forms. Sometimes her prints)]TJ T* -0.0327 Tw [(are framed and hung on the walls of museums and galleries in the traditional)]TJ T* -0.011 Tw [(fashion. Sometimes Kruger writes text to be printed or projected directly on)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw (the walls or floors of a museum.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0054 Tc 0 Tw (In )Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.008 0 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(Picturing Gr)42.9(eatness,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 9.216 0 TD [( a photography exhibit curated by Kruger in 1987)]TJ -11.124 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0075 Tw [(for the Museum of Modern )60.8(Art in New )35.2(Y)98.3(o)0(rk, text was printed in lar)16.8(ge black)]TJ T* 0.08 Tw [(type to fill a center partition. Kruger selected photographs for this exhibit)]TJ T* -0.044 Tw [(from the museum)52.4(s collection. )62.8(According to the words on the partition, these)]TJ T* 0.0751 Tw [(were photographs of mostly famous artists \(Linker)50.9(, 1990, 85\) who hap-)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(pened to be predominantly white and male. )25(The text on the center partition)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.125 Tw [(said these works can show us how vocation is ambushed by clich and)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0742 Tw [(snapped into stereotype by the camera, and how photography freezes mo-)]TJ T* 0.0947 Tw [(ments, creates prominence and makes history \(85\). Kruger questions the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw (definition of great art and great artists and how great art is exhibited. In this)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0157 Tw [(work, she is like Grove, in that she challenges the dominance of male artists)]TJ T* 0.0335 Tw [(and the invisible female in art history)71.7(. Kruger)42.1(, like Grove, has changed the)]TJ T* 0.0444 Tw [(perception of the original images, but not by physically altering them with)]TJ T* 0.0063 Tw [(airbrush and dyes as Grove does. Kruger has altered their meaning by plac-)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tw [(ing them in a new context. Most importantly)69.9(, the visitor to Kruger)-44.5()69.1(s)0.1( exhibi-)]TJ T* -0.0288 Tw [(tion does not have to know the original photographs before seeing the show;)]TJ T* 0.0078 Tw [(even the untutored viewer could read Kruger)-37.6()57.1(s)0.1( text, look at the original im-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tw (ages and then draw their own conclusions.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0621 Tw [(Kruger is best known for her black and white photomontages with bold red)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0407 Tw [(or black type. )23.2(These photo montages have been exhibited traditionally)69.7(, but)]TJ T* -0.0264 Tw [(they have their greatest impact when she takes them out of the museum. She)]TJ T* -0.0295 Tw [(has made them into posters, )21.1(T)94.9(-shirts, billboards, matchbooks, shopping bags)]TJ T* 0.0191 Tw [(and a number of commissioned designs for magazines and books. She uses)]TJ T* -0.0034 Tc -0.0625 Tw (photo-screenprint and commercial printing techniques, not because they have)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0859 Tw [(an inherently beautiful and unique quality)64.9(, but because these best suit her)]TJ T* 0.1118 Tw [(needs. )21.1(W)31.9(ith a background as a graphic designer)48.4(, she creates bold images)]TJ T* 0.0222 Tw [(which look like advertisements, but instead of trying to sell a product, they)]TJ T* -0.0184 Tw [(scream for attention to social structure. )27.4(The subject of the text is always I,)]TJ T* 0.0465 Tw [(me, we, you; Kruger engages in conversation with the viewer)61.8(. Mes-)]TJ T* -0.0336 Tw [(sages such as Y)108.2(ou are seduced by the sex appeal of the inor)13.2(ganic, When I)]TJ T* 0.1151 Tw [(hear the word culture, I take out my checkbook and W)79.7(e have received)]TJ T* 0.0377 Tw [(orders not to move provoke discussion about our capitalist nation)62.2(s social)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (decorum.)Tj 0 48 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0133 Tw [(Debora W)79.9(ood)]TJ ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Length 4133 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0.9 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0812 Tw [(The images Kruger appropriates for her montages are anonymous com-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(pared to Grove)52.5(s direct quotation of famous male artists. )19.8(They are from dif-)]TJ T* -0.0068 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(ferent print sources and have been enlar)25(ged and cropped. Sometimes the origi-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0659 Tw [(nal half-tone dots are exaggerated, and distorted or contrast is heightened.)]TJ T* -0.0571 Tw [(The subjects are often stereotypical men, women, and children. )16.2(The interpre-)]TJ T* 0.0386 Tw [(tation of these images is easily manipulated within the context of Kruger)-39.4()57.1(s)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tw (penetrating phrases. Below are examples.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.04 Tw [(W)89.1(e)0( don)111.2(t need another her)40.4(o )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 11.028 0 TD [(shows a little girl pointing to the flexed arm of)]TJ -11.928 -1.2 TD 0.0313 Tw [(a little boy \(Figure 3\). )19.8(W)43.9(ithout the text, the little girl)53.5(s expression could be)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(interpreted as awe: W)79.2(ow!)]TJ T* 0.058 Tc 0.1249 Tw (What big muscles you)Tj T* 0.0309 Tc 0.125 Tw [(have. )17(The boy glances)]TJ T* 0.0031 Tc (back at the girl with one)Tj T* -0.0034 Tc -0.0625 Tw (eyebrow raised, looking to)Tj T* 0.0381 Tc 0.125 Tw (see if he impresses her)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0559 Tw [(with his manliness. Com-)]TJ T* -0.0134 Tw [(bining this image with the)]TJ T* -0.0026 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(words, W)82.3(e don)12.9(t need an-)]TJ T* -0.0075 Tc (other hero, transforms the)Tj T* -0.0126 Tc (girl and boy from innocent,)Tj T* 0.0426 Tc 0.125 Tw (Norman Rockwell type)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0084 Tw [(children into savvy young)]TJ T* 0.035 Tw [(adults. )20.1(The boy)49.3(s clenched fist now symbolizes aggression. )29.5(The girl is em-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tw [(powered as the spokesperson for society and seems to be saying, W)81.4(e don)19.7(t)]TJ T* 0.0073 Tw [(need any more of your kind. )21.8(This illustration combined with Kruger)-36.3()57.1(s)0.1( text)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0311 Tw [(brings to mind images of global politics and military struggle. It implies that)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0271 Tw [(the archetypal male champion is an outmoded custom and ur)22.5(ges prompt dis-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (missal.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0502 Tw [(In another arresting combination of image and text, a black and white pho-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0251 Tw [(tograph of a woman)52.4(s face is tightly cropped and split down the middle. )30.8(The)]TJ T* 0.0413 Tw [(left half is printed as a positive and the right half as a negative. )15.8(The words)]TJ T* 0.1247 Tw [(Y)98.2(our body is a battleground, run down the center)59.9(. )24.8(This poster was de-)]TJ T* 0.0131 Tw [(signed for a 1989 rally in )19.2(W)79.9(a)0(shington, D. C. to support the legal right to an)]TJ T* 0.1 Tw [(abortion, birth control, and women)60.6(s rights. )17.6(The text at the bottom of the)]TJ T* 0.0975 Tw [(poster reads, On )61.4(April 26 the Supreme Court will hear a case which the)]TJ T* 0.014 Tw [(Bush )52.5(Administration hopes will overturn the Roe vs. )26.3(W)79.9(ade decision, which)]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(established basic abortion rights. Join thousands of women and men in )19.1(W)78.3(ash-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0363 Tw [(ington D.C. on )62.9(April 9. )12.8(W)79.9(e)0( will show that the majority of )59.3(Americans support)]TJ T* -0.0252 Tw [(a woman)58.1(s right to choose \(Linker)35.6(, 1990, 58\) and then gives details regard-)]TJ T* -0.0011 Tw [(ing the rally)66.6(.)]TJ ET q 1 i 164.85 391.25 186.15 -96.75 re W n /GS1 gs q 186.15 0 0 96.75 164.85 294.5 cm /Im3 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 167.4 287.88 Tm 0 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Figure 3. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.87 0 TD [(Barbara Kruger)97(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 7.185 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.24 0 TD 0.0006 Tw [(W)83(e)0( don't need another)]TJ -11.295 -1.2 TD 0 Tw [(her)43(o.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 2.04 0 TD -0.0001 Tw [( 1986. Courtesy of Mary Boone Gallery)53.8(.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 31 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im3 32 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Length 4010 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (63)Tj /F1 1 Tf -28.308 -3.6 TD -0.002 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(The caucasian woman)53.6(s features are classically beautiful with perfect bow-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0891 Tw [(tie lips, almond shaped eyes and hair pulled up to accent her high cheek-)]TJ T* 0.0776 Tw [(bones. )19(W)43.9(ithout the text or photographic manipulation, she has no real ex-)]TJ T* 0.0734 Tw [(pression, she simply stares straight at the viewer)57.6(. )21.5(W)43.9(ith the text and image)]TJ T* -0.024 Tw [(alterations, she is the symbol of a woman divided by violent ethical debates.)]TJ T* -0.0451 Tw [(Her divided face illustrates opposition \(positive/negative, black/white, right/)]TJ T* 0.0488 Tw [(wrong\). )17.5(The text directly addresses women: )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 18.516 0 TD 0 Tw [(Y)88.3(our )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 2.148 0 TD 0.0219 Tw [(body)56.3(.... The )-26.9(poster )-27(de-)]TJ -20.664 -1.2 TD 0.1219 Tw [(mands that women recognize the severity of the issues at stake and that,)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tw [(without action, their freedoms may be taken away)65.5(.)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0411 Tw [(In both examples, Kruger has transformed the interpretation of idealized)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0104 Tw [(figures through her aggressive slogans. )15.8(The audience, already familiar with)]TJ T* 0.0548 Tw [(these stereotypes as representations of a passive, content )63.4(America, may be)]TJ T* 0.0141 Tw [(shocked by the contradicting phrases which suggest a shift in social norms.)]TJ T* -0.0561 Tw [(By placing these works in the public realm, the message reaches a wide audi-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.034 Tw [(ence, not just the artistically enlightened. In this case, the potential for dis-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.026 Tw [(course and social change is great. Kruger has brought about an awareness of)]TJ T* -0.0231 Tw [(social issues in order to initiate ethical transformations toward sexual equal-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tw [(ity)71.8(, democracy)62.8(, and balance of powers.)]TJ 12 0 0 12 45 284.4 Tm 0 Tc -0.0002 Tw (What must an artist do to create a politically transformative)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (work?)Tj 10 0 0 10 54 245.16 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0368 Tw [(The great breadth of Kruger)-28.8()45.1(s)0.1( repertoire makes it seem easy to create such)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0084 Tw [(politically char)17.8(ged works, but it can sometimes be quite dif)22.3(ficult, especially)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0536 Tw [(for the traditional studio artist. )55.1(Artists are notoriously self-centered and seem)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0562 Tw [(to work with often elusive concepts. In order to create politically transforma-)]TJ T* -0.0345 Tw [(tive works, the artists must adopt advertising tactics. Designs should capture)]TJ T* 0.0361 Tw [(the viewer)-30.8()45.1(s)0.1( attention, the writing should be concise and the image memo-)]TJ T* 0.0952 Tw [(rable. )14.1(The message should be easily discernible and not confusing. Many)]TJ T* 0.0547 Tw [(artists created political posters, buttons and other pop culture pieces in the)]TJ T* 0.0592 Tw [(1960)53.4(s. Some of these were very successful and had a great impact on the)]TJ T* 0.0824 Tw [(general population, others were not. Blue chip artists were often commis-)]TJ T* -0.0209 Tw [(sioned to create political propaganda, but use of these otherwise famous art-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0477 Tw [(ists did not guarantee success. Quite the contrary)65.7(, it is often most dif)23(ficult for)]TJ T* 0.0223 Tw [(blue chip artists to transform their signature styles to the world of advertis-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(ing. )14.4(T)70.9(wo examples come to mind.)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.047 Tw [(In 1972, Gemini G.E.L., the prestigious Los )52.4(Angeles print workshop, pub-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0073 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(lished a work by )57(Andy )21(W)72.5(arhol to raise money for Senator Geor)19.3(ge McGovern)56.5(s)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0685 Tw [(presidential campaign. )20.5(W)79.9(a)0(rhol took an image of President Richard Nixon,)]TJ 0 49.68 TD -0.0133 Tw [(Debora W)79.9(ood)]TJ ET endstream endobj 35 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Length 4279 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0116 Tw (colored his face green and wrote)Tj 0 -1.2 TD -0.0025 Tw [(V)134.2(ote McGovern on the bottom)]TJ T* 0.0103 Tc 0.125 Tw [(\(Figure 4\). )16.8(This poster was in-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (tended to make fun of Nixon. It)Tj T* -0.014 Tw [(has been noted, however)40.9(, that al-)]TJ T* 0.0967 Tw (though it raised $40,000 dollars)Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.125 Tw (for the McGovern campaign, it)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0906 Tw [(actually garnered votes for both)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(of the candidates \(W)62.9(ye, 1988,)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0625 Tw (25\). People who liked McGovern)Tj T* -0.0024 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(understood the image of Nixon to)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.111 Tw [(be degrading. People who liked)]TJ T* 0.0081 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Nixon thought, W)77(ow! Nixon's)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0667 Tw [(portrait has been printed by that)]TJ T* -0.0085 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(arty fellow)63.1(, )60.5(Andy )15.1(W)83.3(arhol! He)53(s so)]TJ T* 0.0089 Tc 0.125 Tw [(clever)59.7(. )15.5(This time, )20.9(W)76.7(arhol was)]TJ T* 0.0626 Tc 0.2565 Tw [(too clever)40.4(, and the mix of)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0735 Tw [(McGovern)57.7(s name with Nixon)61.2(s)]TJ T* 0.0209 Tw [(image was not easily discernible)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tw (as pro-McGovern propaganda.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0385 Tw [(By contrast, Jasper Johns suc-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.1101 Tw [(cessfully created a powerful and unambiguous political poster)59.9(.)0.1( Johns fre-)]TJ T* 0.0569 Tw [(quently used the )52(American flag in his early work, but, according to Johns,)]TJ T* -0.0054 Tw [(not for political reasons. )25.7(The flag was just another image like a U.S. map or)]TJ T* 0.0157 Tw [(numerical digits through which he could explore formal esthetic ideas such)]TJ T* -0.0426 Tw [(as texture, value, and color)56.6(. For example, in )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 17.424 0 TD 0 Tw (Flags,)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.532 0 TD -0.0426 Tw [( from 1965, Johns painted)]TJ -19.956 -1.2 TD 0.0398 Tw [(the )59.7(American flag twice, the upper image in the flag)59.1(s complementary col-)]TJ T* -0.0481 Tw [(ors, green, black, and orange, and the lower image in gray)67.5(. )56(A)62.3( dot is painted in)]TJ T* 0.0388 Tw [(the middle of each flag. If viewers stare at the dot in the top flag for a few)]TJ T* -0.0422 Tw [(minutes and then move their gaze down to the gray flag, an afterimage of the)]TJ T* -0.0137 Tw [(flag will appear in its true colors of red, white, and blue. In 1969, Johns was)]TJ T* -0.0194 Tw [(commissioned by the Leo Castelli Gallery to design a poster to rally interest)]TJ T* 0.0303 Tw [(in the first Moratorium Day)71.9(, an or)8(ganized protest against the )28.2(V)62.3(i)0.1(etnam )13.9(W)79.9(a)0(r)57(.)]TJ T* -0.0078 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(Johns appropriated the earlier painting for the poster)64.3(. He reproduced the green,)]TJ T* -0.0032 Tc -0.0625 Tw (black, and orange flag and stenciled the word Moratorium underneath \(Fig-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (ure 5\).)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0472 Tw [(The green, black, and orange flag, which was originally painted to demon-)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0148 Tw [(strate an optical illusion, has been transformed into a symbol of war protest.)]TJ T* 0.0179 Tw [(The colors are now sickly representing an ailing )55.6(America and the black dot)]TJ ET q 1 i 191.75 520.85 152.5 -149.75 re W n /GS1 gs q 152.5 0 0 149.75 191.75 371.1 cm /Im4 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 193.56 359.16 Tm 0 Tc -0.0096 Tw (Figure 4. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.84 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0346 Tw [(Andy W)55.1(a)0.1(rhol.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.015 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.255 0 TD -0.0096 Tw [(V)115.8(ote McGovern.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -10.11 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tw [(1972. Screenprint, printed in color)63(. Composi-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tw (tion: 41 5/16 x 41 1/8 inches; sheet: 42 x 41)Tj T* 0.0005 Tw [(15/16 inches. 1999 )58.9(Andy )27.7(W)73.8(arhol Foundation)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tw [(for the )23.1(V)62.2(isual )53.9(Arts/ARS, New )43.9(Y)92.2(ork. )18.2(The)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tw [(Museum of Modern )57.9(Art, New )40.4(Y)92.2(ork. Gift of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tw [(Philip Johnson. Photograph 1999 )23.1(The)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tw [(Museum of Modern )57.5(Art, New )40.2(Y)92.2(ork.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 38 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im4 39 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Length 4323 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (65)Tj /F1 1 Tf -29.208 -3.6 TD 0.0185 Tw [(looks like a bullet hole. )18.8(This work)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.125 Tw (was reproduced by the thousands)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0244 Tw [(through commercial print methods)]TJ T* 0.0128 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(and, according to Deborah )24.6(W)56.6(ye,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0232 Tw [(Chief Curator of Prints at )16.7(The Mu-)]TJ T* 0.0105 Tw [(seum of Modern )52.4(Art in New )41.3(Y)98.3(o)0(rk,)]TJ T* -0.053 Tw [(The poster was distributed widely)]TJ T* 0.1037 Tw [(and became one of the most well)]TJ T* 0.0224 Tc 0.125 Tw [(known images of the \(V)61.8(ietnam\))]TJ T* 0.0101 Tc [(period \(69\). )58.4(Approximately one)]TJ T* 0.0322 Tc (hundred copies were signed by)Tj T* 0.0029 Tc (Johns and sold to raise funds for)Tj T* -0.0102 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(protest activities. )56.3(Although the print)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.125 Tw (had a vast impact in the political)Tj T* 0.0168 Tc [(arena, it is not representative of)]TJ T* 0.0186 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(Johns)70.8( work. )53.1(A)56.8( reproduction for)]TJ T* 0.0057 Tc 0.125 Tw (political purposes was not some-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0577 Tw [(thing Johns had ever done before,)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0013 Tw (and he never attempted it again. In this case, Johns was able to successfully)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0377 Tw [(step outside the elitist art galleries into street culture to create work designed)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(to raise society)55.1(s consciousness.)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0161 Tw [(Art critic Lucy Lippard states, Many artists apparently find it impossible)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0155 Tw [(to expand their own recognizable style)72.8( into an image transmitting a clear)29.3(-)]TJ T* 0.1093 Tw [(cut message.... )23(Though there is no question of the deep feelings behind)]TJ T* 0.0905 Tw [(most political posters, the esthetic is necessarily that of advertising \(good)]TJ T* -0.0097 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(propaganda requires a good marketplace sensibility\) and it doesn)28.8(t come easily)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1103 Tw [(to the traditionally educated fine artist \(1984, 26-27\). )23(That is to say)64.1(,)0.1( for)]TJ T* -0.0172 Tw [(prints to have the potential to transform audiences, artists must be willing to)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0061 Tw [(first transform themselves and their signature styles. )26.9(W)79.8(a)-0.1(rhol did not greatly)]TJ T* -0.0444 Tw [(alter his style, and his message was not clear)54.9(. His portrait of Nixon easily fits)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.062 Tw [(into a catalogue of )12.9(W)91.9(a)0(rhol)48.1(s)0.1( portraits of famous people printed out of register)]TJ T* 0.0295 Tw [(in saturated colors. )60.8(Although there were some alterations to Nixon)49.9(s image)]TJ T* 0.0677 Tw [(by painting it green and writing V)132.7(ote McGovern on the bottom, there is)]TJ T* 0.0766 Tw [(little evidence that his work persuaded people to vote for McGovern. )27.8(The)]TJ T* -0.0093 Tw [(color green could have been intended to make Nixon look evil, but so many)]TJ T* 0.0319 Tw [(of )23.1(W)79.9(a)0(rhol)48.1(s)0.1( prints used unnatural and vivid colors, it is not easy to see this)]TJ T* -0.0061 Tw [(color use as symbolic. Johns print successfully became a symbol of protest)]TJ T* -0.0133 Tw [(for the )17.6(V)62.3(i)0.1(etnam )18.3(W)79.9(a)0(r)45(,)0.1( because he changed his approach. )9.7(The image is imme-)]TJ T* 0.0244 Tw [(diately recognizable as a symbol for )57.4(America, but there is obviously some-)]TJ ET q 1 i 194.85 522 152.2 -124.45 re W n /GS1 gs q 152.2 0 0 124.45 194.85 397.55 cm /Im5 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 201 390.6 Tm 0 Tc -0.0031 Tw (Figure 5. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.855 0 TD (Jasper Johns.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.835 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.24 0 TD (Moratorium.)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 5.145 0 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( 1969.)Tj -15.075 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(Of)20.2(fset lithograph, printed in color)50.2(. 22 3/4 x)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tw (28 1/2 inches. Jasper Johns/Licensed by)Tj T* -0.0003 Tw [(V)122.2(AGA, New )49.1(Y)92.2(ork, NY)127.1(. )19.7(The Museum of)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tw [(Modern )56.5(Art, New )42.2(Y)92.2(ork. Purchase.)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tw [(Photograph 1999 )24.2(The Museum of)]TJ T* -0.056 Tw [(Modern Art, )-55.8(New )-15.1(Y)92.2(ork.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 45 549.96 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0133 Tw [(Debora W)79.9(ood)]TJ ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im5 43 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Length 3781 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0517 Tw [(thing wrong because the colors are distorted. )58(A)50.3( single word Moratorium)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0242 Tw [(requires no complex analysis. Johns print is simple, direct, and to the point.)]TJ 12 0 0 12 48.96 476.4 Tm 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds)Tj 10 0 0 10 57.96 451.56 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.0167 Tw [(The third artist successfully works as a traditional studio painter and as a)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0756 Tw [(political artist. Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds career is built on work with)]TJ T* -0.0046 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(radically dif)20.4(ferent styles created)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc [(for radically dif)16.8(ferent purposes.)]TJ T* 0.0157 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(Heap of Birds, of Cheyenne-)]TJ T* 0.0313 Tc 0.125 Tw (Arapaho descent, makes ab-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1164 Tw [(stract paintings and politically)]TJ T* 0.0377 Tc 0.125 Tw [(char)11.6(ged word pieces. In his)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0036 Tw (paintings from the )Tj /F3 1 Tf 7.596 0 TD (Neuf Series,)Tj /F1 1 Tf -7.596 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0999 Tw [(the colors and the left to right)]TJ T* 0.0295 Tc 0.1249 Tw (pattern are inspired by trees)Tj T* 0.0361 Tc [(from the western Oklahoma)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0233 Tw (landscape \(Figure 6\). Neuf is)Tj T* 0.0297 Tc 0.125 Tw (Cheyenne and means to do)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0092 Tw [(something four times \(Cotner)41.6(,)]TJ T* 0.0342 Tc 0.125 Tw (1997, 1\). Other more recent)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0422 Tw [(paintings have been inspired by)]TJ T* -0.0026 Tc -0.0625 Tw (tropical fish seen while snorkel-)Tj T* -0.0016 Tc [(ing in the waters around )58.1(Austra-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.041 Tw [(lia. )18.8(These works are usually painted in bright colors and feel very optimistic.)]TJ T* 0.0218 Tw [(His political word pieces are about the domination of Native )59.7(Americans by)]TJ T* 0.1159 Tw [(the Caucasian majority)68.4(. )16(These public works often make references to the)]TJ T* 0.0332 Tw [(land and to Native )62.8(American heritage specific to the area. It is not just that)]TJ T* 0.0448 Tw [(one is colorful and abstract and one is just words, it is important to realize)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw (that he works traditionally as a gallery artist, and also in the public domain.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0836 Tw [(In 1996, Heap of Birds was invited by the Cleveland Institute of )62.9(Art to)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(design a public art piece. )13.9(This work would be on view at the same time as a)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.11 Tw [(collaborative exhibition of Heap of Birds work with work by aborigines)]TJ T* -0.0111 Tw [(from )59.1(Australia. Heap of Birds wanted to say something about the Cleveland)]TJ T* 0.1012 Tw [(Indians baseball team mascot and, for the first time, decided to include a)]TJ T* -0.0332 Tw [(pictorial image with the text. He considered directly lifting the logo, but was)]TJ T* 0.0212 Tw [(afraid the litigation surrounding this would have killed the project. Instead,)]TJ T* -0.0163 Tw [(Heap of Birds made his own version of the logo. )18.9(The 10 x 25 foot billboard,)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (titled )Tj /F3 1 Tf 2.388 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.085 Tw (American Leagues)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.56 0 TD [(, shows a childlike drawing of a frightened Chief)]TJ ET q 1 i 185.9 416 158.35 -135 re W n /GS1 gs q 158.35 0 0 135 185.9 280.9999 cm /Im6 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 186.96 272.16 Tm 0 Tc -0.0031 Tw (Figure 6. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.855 0 TD (Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds.)Tj /TT6 1 Tf -3.855 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tw (Untitled \(Neuf Series Painting\).)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 12.705 0 TD [( 1996. )49.6(Acrylic on)]TJ -12.705 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tw (canvas. 89 x 105 inches. Courtesy of the artist.)Tj ET endstream endobj 46 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im6 47 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Length 3798 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (67)Tj /F1 1 Tf -29.208 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0424 Tw [(W)79.9(ahoo, the mascot for the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0127 Tc -0.0625 Tw (Cleveland Indians baseball)Tj T* -0.0022 Tc (team, looking at the words)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0644 Tw [(Smile for Racism \(Fig-)]TJ T* 0.0479 Tw [(ure 7\). )16.1(The work is about)]TJ T* -0.0092 Tw (the widespread attitude of)Tj T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0679 Tw [(conservative America )-57.1(to-)]TJ T* 0.0186 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ward Native )57.6(Americans.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Heap of Birds explains:)Tj 1.8 -2.1 TD 0.0626 Tc 0.1494 Tw [(Over the past 500)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0234 Tc 0.125 Tw (years, the dominant)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0112 Tw [(culture has attempted)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tc 0.125 Tw (to crush the lives of)Tj T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0625 Tw (Indian people, rendering many entire tribes extinct, through brutal wars)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0397 Tw [(and government policies. )23.1(T)58.9(oday)72.1(, Indian people must still struggle in)]TJ T* 0.0354 Tw [(order to survive in )60.2(America. )18.3(W)79.9(e)0( must battle against forces that have)]TJ T* 0.0534 Tw [(dealt us among the lowest educational opportunities, lowest income)]TJ T* 0.0253 Tw [(levels, lowest standards of health, lowest housing conditions, lowest)]TJ T* 0.0259 Tw [(political representation and highest mortality rates in )59.7(America. Even)]TJ T* -0.0191 Tw [(as these grave hardships exist for the living Indian people, a mockery)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tw [(is made of us by reducing our tribal names and images to the level of)]TJ T* 0.0091 Tc 0.125 Tw (insulting sports team mascots, brand name automobiles, camping)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0139 Tw [(equipment, city and state names, and various other commercial prod-)]TJ T* 0.065 Tw [(ucts produced by the dominate culture. )17.1(This strange and insensitive)]TJ T* 0.0234 Tw [(custom is particularly insulting when one considers the great lack of)]TJ T* 0.0263 Tw [(attention that is given to real Indian concerns. It must be understood)]TJ T* 0.0954 Tw [(that no human being should be identified as subservient to another)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(culture. )22.8(T)72.3(o)0( be overpowered and manipulated in such a way as to thought)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0478 Tw [(to become [sic] a team mascot is totally unthinkable \(Phelan, Beesley)71.5(,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0017 Tw (1997, 14\).)Tj /F3 1 Tf -1.8 -2.1 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0202 Tw (American Leagues)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.452 0 TD [( caused a disturbance before the billboard was even built.)]TJ -7.452 -1.2 TD -0.0177 Tw [(From the beginning, discussions about the piece were in newspapers, maga-)]TJ T* -0.0094 Tw [(zines, and on television as a controversial news story)69.4(. )58.7(An article in )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 26.7 0 TD 0 Tw (Baseball)Tj -26.7 -1.2 TD -0.0109 Tc [(W)90.1(eekly)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 2.724 0 TD -0.0625 Tw [( talked about the billboard in conjunction with the terrible season Cleve-)]TJ -2.724 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0034 Tw [(land was having. )51.8(All the hype and furor surrounding the piece brought rac-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0374 Tw [(ism into public view as much as the billboard itself. People who might not)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc -0.0039 Tw (ever go into a museum in their life encountered this art work. It was in their)Tj ET q 1 i 160.3 522 186.75 -110.9 re W n /GS1 gs q 186.75 0 0 110.9 160.3 411.1 cm /Im7 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 160.32 397.56 Tm 0 Tc -0.0028 Tw (Figure 7. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.855 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(Hachivi Edgar)22.6( Heap of Birds. )]TJ /TT6 1 Tf 12.915 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (American)Tj -16.77 -1.2 TD (Leagues, )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 3.825 0 TD -0.0001 Tw (1996. Billboard, Cleveland. 120 x 300 inches.)Tj -3.825 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tw (Courtesy of the artist.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 45 549.96 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0133 Tw [(Debora W)79.9(ood)]TJ ET endstream endobj 50 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im7 51 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 55 0 obj << /Length 3451 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 0 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0602 Tw [(face and they had to think about it. )23.8(There are people who might not ever go to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.1084 Tw [(Cleveland to see the actual billboard, but they do not have to in order to)]TJ T* 0.0551 Tw [(understand the piece. If it reaches the newsstands, it reaches a wider audi-)]TJ T* -0.006 Tw [(ence. In the end, the objective is to make anyone who sees the face of Chief)]TJ T* 0.0849 Tw [(W)79.9(ahoo think about the racial stereotype it represents and the treatment of)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(Native )60.1(Americans in this country)64.7(.)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0093 Tw [(In a way)66.1(, this work by Heap of Birds may even have a greater ef)16.2(fect on a)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0021 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(lar)16.3(ger audience than Barbara Kruger)-29.5()54.9(s)0( work. Kruger)-44.3()54.9(s)0( work, while very com-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0546 Tw [(pelling and graphically vibrant, tends to be more elusive. Heap of Birds is)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (blunt.)Tj /F3 1 Tf 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0525 Tw (American Leagues)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.416 0 TD [( attacks the people who tend to be passive racists. Many)]TJ -8.316 -1.2 TD -0.0031 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(people probably felt of)21(fended at this work because they do not consider them-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0398 Tw [(selves racist. )15.7(They may think that by wearing Indian emblazoned clothing,)]TJ T* 0.0584 Tw [(they are showing their respect for Indians. )20.9(This only points to how deeply)]TJ T* -0.0239 Tw [(this prejudice is installed in our society that we cannot recognize discrimi-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tw (nation when it is smiling right at us.)Tj 12 0 0 12 48.96 308.4 Tm 0 Tc -0.0009 Tw (Personal Experiences)Tj 10 0 0 10 57.96 283.56 Tm 0.0089 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(I first became interested in)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.125 Tw (appropriating images when I)Tj T* 0.0196 Tc (was studying printmaking in)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0533 Tw [(graduate school at the Univer)24.5(-)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(sity of )15.5(W)45.3(isconsin-Madison. It)]TJ T* 0.0089 Tc 0.125 Tw (was a logical progression for)Tj T* 0.0189 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(me. My work, predicated on)]TJ T* -0.0112 Tc -0.0625 Tw (strong drawing and image-mak-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1105 Tw [(ing, was becoming more con-)]TJ T* 0.0923 Tw [(ceptual. It was easy for me to)]TJ T* -0.0095 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(quickly reference any one of the)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tc 0.125 Tw (hundreds of images I learned)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0439 Tw [(about through years of art his-)]TJ T* 0.0158 Tc 0.125 Tw [(tory classes, choose one that)]TJ T* 0.0036 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(best epitomized my concepts,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0559 Tw [(manipulate, and duplicate it for)]TJ T* -0.0477 Tw [(public consumption \(Figure 8\).)]TJ T* 0.0614 Tw [(This kind of working satisfied)]TJ T* -0.0023 Tc -0.0625 Tw (my postmodern, feminist view-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0055 Tw [(points and fit into the long his-)]TJ ET q 1 i 194.9 308.65 149.95 -218.35 re W n /GS1 gs q 149.95 0 0 218.35 194.9 90.3 cm /Im8 Do Q Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 183.96 80.88 Tm 0 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Figure 8. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.855 0 TD -0.011 Tw [(Debora W)55(ood.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.15 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.255 0 TD [(V)115.8(enus.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 2.58 0 TD 0.0001 Tw ( 1991. Lithograph.)Tj -12.84 -1.2 TD 0 Tw (8 1/4 x 4 3/4 inches. Courtesy of the artist.)Tj ET endstream endobj 56 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F3 12 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im8 57 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 59 0 obj << /Length 3181 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (69)Tj /F1 1 Tf -29.208 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0128 Tw [(tory of printmaking)55.9(s approximation of pre-existing images. Since I had al-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0211 Tw [(ways worked within the academic environment as a student, then museum)]TJ T* -0.0368 Tw [(employee, then interim professor people around me could easily recognize)]TJ T* 0.0349 Tw [(my references, and there was a plethora of historical images to appropriate)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tw [(from the university)56.1(s)0.1( rich libraries.)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0811 Tw [(My work changed when I left the academic world in 1994. )22.5(The lack of)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0286 Tw [(academic employment opportunities caused me to just pick a city and wing)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tw (it. My partner and I moved to Baltimore where I took a blue collar job at a)Tj T* 0.0475 Tw [(commercial printing company)64.4(. I became aware that, like Kathy Grove, my)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tw [(work was overdependent on the viewer)-30.1()45.1(s)0.1( artistic education.)]TJ 0.9 -1.2 TD 0.0973 Tw [(I also became involved in the under)14.8(ground rave/dance/electronic music)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.1083 Tw [(scene in the Baltimore and )20.4(W)79.9(a)0(shington area. )16.8(There, I was surrounded by)]TJ T* -0.0414 Tw [(auditory appropriation: sampled music and sounds, manipulated \(sometimes)]TJ T* 0.0513 Tw [(beyond recognition\) and combined with other musical fragments and spun)]TJ T* -0.0389 Tw [(back out for consumption. )22.1(The dif)9.1(f)0.1(erence between this kind of appropriation)]TJ T* -0.031 Tw [(and that which I was involved)]TJ T* [(in is that most of these sounds)]TJ T* 0.0937 Tw [(did not reference their origin)]TJ T* -0.0045 Tc -0.0626 Tw (for political commentary; they)Tj T* 0.0399 Tc 0.125 Tw (were merely combined for)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (pleasure.)Tj 0.9 -1.2 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0625 Tw (By surrounding myself with)Tj -0.9 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0361 Tw [(aspects of street culture, I was)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1026 Tw [(able to adopt a more aggres-)]TJ T* -0.0034 Tc -0.0625 Tw (sive esthetic, referencing what)Tj T* 0.0027 Tc 0.125 Tw [(is immediately tangible. )21.3(The)]TJ T* 0.0177 Tc [(forms are now simpler)39.8(, and)]TJ T* 0.0079 Tc 0.1249 Tw (there are more references to)Tj T* 0.0211 Tc 0.125 Tw (popular culture, not to aca-)Tj T* 0.0061 Tc (demic ideologies \(Figure 9\).)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0466 Tw [(Although I have not yet fully)]TJ T* 0.0932 Tw [(transformed my work to em-)]TJ T* 0.0035 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(body the social and political)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0609 Tw [(concerns that surround my community)68.1(, I am continually striving to make this)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (change.)Tj ET /GS1 gs q 168.2 0 0 163.85 175.7 163.25 cm /Im9 Do Q BT /TT2 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 180 155.64 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0.0008 Tw (Figure 9. )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3.855 0 TD -0.011 Tw [(Debora W)55(ood.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 6.15 0 TD 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT6 1 Tf 0.255 0 TD [(Pacifier)101.2(.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 3.36 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0007 Tw ( 1997. Litho-)Tj -13.62 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0002 Tw (graph. 4 1/2 x 4 1/2 inches. Courtesy of the artist.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 45 549.96 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0133 Tw [(Debora W)79.9(ood)]TJ ET endstream endobj 60 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /TT2 13 0 R /TT4 14 0 R /TT6 15 0 R >> /XObject << /Im9 61 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 6 0 R /GS2 7 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs7 17 0 R >> >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 3866 >> stream BT /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 238.56 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.0001 Tc 0.0006 Tw (Issues in Integrative Studies)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -18.96 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (PB)Tj /F1 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 48.96 511.2 Tm -0.0002 Tc (Conclusion)Tj 10 0 0 10 57.96 486.48 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0234 Tw [(It is possible for art to be a catalyst for social change, but there are several)]TJ -0.9 -1.2 TD 0.004 Tw (factors concerning the materials, the artist, and the audience that must be in)Tj T* 0.0614 Tw [(place. Out of the three examples, Kruger and Heap of Birds are most suc-)]TJ T* 0.0622 Tw [(cessful in promoting social change because their work fulfills the two pri-)]TJ T* -0.0084 Tw [(mary requirements. First, the artist must use a visual language that the aver)27.8(-)]TJ T* -0.0199 Tw [(age person can understand. Second, the work must be made available to the)]TJ T* -0.054 Tw [(public because these are the people that need to be made aware of the issue at)]TJ T* -0.0188 Tw [(hand. Printmaking is the most logical medium to use because, through com-)]TJ T* 0.038 Tw [(mercial printing techniques, multiple copies can be made to be distributed,)]TJ T* -0.051 Tw [(returning printmaking to the service of the community)63.6(s)0.1( political, social, and)]TJ T* 0.001 Tw (cultural ideas.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 48.96 344.4 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (Acknowledgments: )Tj /F1 1 Tf 8.0667 0 TD -0.0228 Tw [(Many thanks to Edgar Heap of Birds, Kathy Grove, Ron )27.7(W)77.2(arren)]TJ -8.0667 -1.2 TD -0.0526 Tw [(at the Mary Boone Gallery)68.5(, Jan Howard, Drew Ber)15.7(gerson and Jim Bell for their assis-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (tance.)Tj /F2 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD 0 Tc 0.0021 Tw (Biographical Note:)Tj /F1 1 Tf 7.92 0 TD [( Debora )20.4(W)77.2(ood is an artist and critic who has been making prints)]TJ -7.92 -1.2 TD -0.0095 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(for 15 years and exhibits nationally and internationally)72.6(. She has worked at the Elvehjem)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.042 Tw [(Museum of )50.3(Art, )21.7(The Baltimore Museum of )54.6(Art and at commercial printing compa-)]TJ T* -0.0219 Tw [(nies. Most recently)60.2(, Debora was )59.1(Assistant Professor of )55.1(Art at the University of Okla-)]TJ T* 0.0677 Tw [(homa before joining her husband in Chicago where she now lives. She has a BF)73.1(A)]TJ T* -0.0381 Tw [(from Cornell University and an MF)70.8(A)55.5( in printmaking from the University of )21.3(W)37.2(iscon-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (sin-Madison.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 48.96 211.2 Tm (Bibliography)Tj /F1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 48.96 186.48 Tm -0.0002 Tw [(Cotner)46(, Cynthia, interviewer \(1997\). Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds:)]TJ 3.6 -1.2 TD [(Fish and )16(T)34.8(r)0(ees)83.1( pamphlet. Paul Mesaros Gallery )9.6(W)79.8(e)-0.1(st)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(V)62.3(i)0.1(r)11(g)0(inia University \(February 26 )65.6(April 5\).)]TJ -3.6 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.002 Tw [(Felshin, Nina \(1995\). W)83.3(oman's )15.4(W)79.8(o)-0.1(rk: )59(A)50.2( Lineage, 1966-94. )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 24.696 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(Ar)-7.8(t)]TJ -21.096 -1.2 TD (Journal,)Tj /F1 1 Tf 3.36 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [( )10.2(V)134.3(o)0(l. 54, No. 1 \(Spring\).)]TJ -6.96 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0004 Tw (Girard, Xavier \(1996\). )Tj /F3 1 Tf 9.24 0 TD (Matisse In Nice: 1917-1954.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 11.448 0 TD [( London: )24.3(Thames and)]TJ -17.088 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Hudson, Ltd..)Tj -3.6 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tw [(Harper)40.3(, Jenny \(1988\). )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 8.988 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(Barbara Kruger)117(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 6.66 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0006 Tw [( New Zealand: National )60.4(Art)]TJ -12.048 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw [(Gallery)60.3(.)]TJ -3.6 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Isaak, Jo )53.4(Anna \(1996\). )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 9.276 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Feminism and Contemporar)6.3(y )9.9(Art: The Revolution)7.6(-)]TJ -5.676 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(ary Power of W)89.9(omen's Laughter)111.5(.)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 13.044 0 TD [( London/New )42.7(Y)98.3(o)0(rk: Routledge.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 4 0 R /F2 5 0 R /F3 12 0 R /F4 65 0 R /TT2 13 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R >> >> endobj 67 0 obj << /Length 2429 >> stream BT /TT2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 337.08 549.96 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (71)Tj /F1 1 Tf -29.208 -3.6 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Lippard, Lucy R. \(1994\). )Tj /F3 1 Tf 10.308 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Get the Message? )23.4(A)22.8( Decade of )10(Art for Social)]TJ -6.708 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc (Change.)Tj /F1 1 Tf 3.36 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0001 Tw [( New )36.2(Y)98.2(o)-0.1(rk: E. 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